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電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)傳輸和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)主干線(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳輸和(he)分配大功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)使(shi)用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)已有百年

主要(yao)分(fen)類

分類：按電壓(ya)等級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵(tie)管內，然后填(tian)充瀝青混合物(wu)制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)于紐約，開創(chuang)了地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫德發(fa)(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸漬紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與(yu)德特(te)福德之間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了10千(qian)(qian)伏油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)的(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國敷(fu)(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍希施泰特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除(chu)了絕緣(yuan)表(biao)面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了380千(qian)(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)伏的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級可分(fen)為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)(qian)伏以上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以及(ji)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以上(shang)）。此(ci)外，還(huan)可按電(dian)流制分(fen)為交流電(dian)纜(lan)和直流電(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應用(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它安(an)全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺(que)點是敷(fu)設受落差(cha)限制。自從開(kai)發出不(bu)滴流(liu)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)后，解決了落差(cha)限制問(wen)題(ti)，使油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為(wei)擠壓塑料的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的塑料有(you)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑料電(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制造(zao)加工方便，重量輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差(cha)限(xian)制。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)(yong)作中(zhong)低壓電(dian)(dian)纜，并有(you)取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜的趨勢。其(qi)最大(da)缺點(dian)是(shi)存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象(xiang)，這限(xian)制了它在更(geng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓的使用(yong)(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上(shang)各種配合(he)(he)(he)劑，經過充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯上(shang)，經過加溫硫化而成。它柔(rou)軟(ruan)，富(fu)有彈(dan)性，適合(he)(he)(he)于(yu)移動(dong)頻繁、敷設彎(wan)曲半(ban)徑小的場合(he)(he)(he)。

常用(yong)作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按(an)電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用(yong)于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下(xia)的(de)輸配電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜：（一般(ban)指35KV及以(yi)下）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以(yi)上）：聚(ju)乙烯電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以上）。

基(ji)(ji)本結構：電力電纜的(de)基(ji)(ji)本結構由線芯（導體）、絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保(bao)護層(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線芯是電力電纜的(de)導(dao)電部分，用來輸(shu)送電能(neng)，是電力電纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線(xian)芯(xin)(xin)與(yu)大(da)地以及(ji)不同相的(de)線(xian)芯(xin)(xin)間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能(neng)輸送，是(shi)電力電纜結構中不可缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的作用是保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜免受外(wai)界(jie)雜質和(he)水分的侵入，以(yi)及防止外(wai)力(li)直接(jie)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)少(shao)(shao)。一(yi)般埋設于(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設于(yu)室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕(jue)緣距離小，不用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)少(shao)(shao)，基本不占(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)上空(kong)間。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣(qi)候條(tiao)件(jian)和周圍環(huan)境影響小(xiao)，傳輸性(xing)能(neng)穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有(you)向超(chao)高壓，大容量發展的(de)更(geng)為有(you)利的(de)條(tiao)件，如(ru)低溫，超(chao)導電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特(te)點。如(ru)用Z代表(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字表示外護層(ceng)構成，有二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字代表無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外被層(ceng)。第一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表示外被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外被表示為41。

3.電纜型號按(an)電纜結構的(de)排列一(yi)般依次序(xu)為：絕(jue)緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護(hu)層(ceng)；外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜(lan)產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓和(he)規格(ge)表示。其(qi)方法是在(zai)型號后再加上說明(ming)額定電(dian)壓、芯數和(he)標稱截面(mian)積(ji)的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線(xian)電(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)纜

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕緣YF——泡沫(mo)聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕緣YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕緣

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油(you)膏填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

33——單層細鋼(gang)絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)被(bei)層

43——單層(ceng)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼(gang)帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯外被(bei)層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平型(xing)連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)軟(ruan)電(dian)線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)(huo)型(xing)(xing)