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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于傳(chuan)輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比(bi)重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的主(zhu)干線路(lu)(lu)中用以(yi)傳(chuan)輸和(he)分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的(de)使用至(zhi)今已(yi)有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使(shi)用至今已有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅棒上(shang)包繞(rao)黃麻并(bing)將(jiang)其穿(chuan)入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合(he)物制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐(niu)約，開創了(le)(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡(ka)倫德發(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸(jin)漬紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)倫敦(dun)與(yu)德特福德之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)，德國(guo)敷設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)，德國(guo)人M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)絕(jue)緣表面的(de)(de)正切應力，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北(bei)部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用。到80年(nian)代已制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分(fen)為(wei)中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏及(ji)以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏以上(shang))、超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏）以及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上(shang)）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜和(he)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以油(you)(you)浸紙作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其應(ying)用歷史最長。它安全(quan)可靠，使(shi)用壽命長，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差限制(zhi)。自從開(kai)發出不滴流(liu)浸紙絕緣(yuan)后，解決了落差限制(zhi)問(wen)題，使(shi)油(you)(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層(ceng)為(wei)擠壓(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造(zao)加工方便，重(zhong)量(liang)輕，敷(fu)設安(an)裝(zhuang)方便,不受敷(fu)設落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛(fan)應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其(qi)最大(da)缺點(dian)是(shi)存在樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使(shi)用。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠(jiao)加上各種配合劑，經過充分混煉(lian)后擠(ji)包在導(dao)電(dian)線芯上，經過加溫(wen)硫化而(er)成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適合于移(yi)動頻(pin)繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場(chang)合。

常用作(zuo)絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙(bing)膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等(deng)。

按(an)電(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)分(fen)

1、低壓(ya)電纜：適用于固定敷(fu)設在交流50Hz，額定電壓(ya)3kv及以(yi)下(xia)的輸配電線路上作(zuo)輸送電能用。

2、中低(di)壓電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯(xi)電纜和交聯聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜的基本結構(gou)由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電力電纜的導電部分，用(yong)來輸(shu)送電能，是(shi)電力電纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)是將線芯(xin)與大地(di)以及不(bu)(bu)同相的(de)線芯(xin)間在電(dian)(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔離(li)，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構中不(bu)(bu)可缺少的(de)組(zu)成部分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)一般都有導體屏蔽層和絕緣(yuan)屏蔽層。

4.保護層(ceng)的作用是保護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界(jie)雜質和水分的侵入(ru)，以及防止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞(huai)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋(mai)設(she)于土壤(rang)中或(huo)敷設(she)于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離(li)小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)地面上空間。

2可靠(kao)性高。受氣候條件和周圍環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響小，傳輸(shu)性能(neng)穩(wen)定，可靠(kao)性高。

3具(ju)有向(xiang)超高壓，大容(rong)量發(fa)展的更為有利的條件，如(ru)低溫(wen)，超導(dao)電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜(lan)的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)示絕(jue)緣種(zhong)類、導(dao)體材(cai)料、內護(hu)層材(cai)料和結構特點。如(ru)用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示外(wai)(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)構成，有二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字。無(wu)(wu)(wu)數(shu)(shu)字代表(biao)(biao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)(ceng)。第一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示鎧裝(zhuang)，第二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示外(wai)(wai)被，如粗(cu)鋼(gang)絲鎧裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被表(biao)(biao)示為(wei)41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按(an)電纜(lan)結(jie)構的排列一般依(yi)次(ci)序(xu)為：絕(jue)緣材(cai)(cai)料；導體材(cai)(cai)料；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型號(hao)、額定(ding)電壓和(he)規(gui)格表示。其方法(fa)是在型號(hao)后再加上說(shuo)明額定(ding)電壓、芯數和(he)標稱截面積(ji)的。

型號詳(xiang)細說(shuo)明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙(yi)烯絕緣YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯烴絕緣YP——泡(pao)沫/實心(xin)皮聚烯烴絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)   ;   V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏(gao)填充G——高(gao)頻(pin)隔離(li)C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細(xi)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電(dian)線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電(dian)線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平(ping)型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電(dian)線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵低(di)煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)