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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于(yu)傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于(yu)城(cheng)市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路(lu)、工礦企業內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比(bi)重正(zheng)逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線路(lu)中用以傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使(shi)用至今已有(you)百年(nian)

主要(yao)分類

分類：按(an)電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已(yi)有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青混合物制(zhi)(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫(lun)德(de)(de)發明瀝青浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費(fei)蘭梯在倫(lun)敦(dun)與德(de)(de)特福(fu)德(de)(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建成20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國敷設(she)成60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國人M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)(zhi)成分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分(fen)布,消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)絕緣表面的(de)(de)正切應(ying)力(li)(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中(zhong)的(de)(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為中(zhong)、低壓電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)伏及以下）、高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)伏以上)、超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以及特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及以上）。此外(wai)，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)纜和直流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以油浸紙作絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)，價格低廉(lian)。主(zhu)要缺(que)點是敷設受落差(cha)限制。自從開發出(chu)不滴流浸紙絕緣后，解決了落差(cha)限制問題，使油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層為(wei)擠壓塑(su)料(liao)(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。常用的(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設安(an)裝方便,不受敷(fu)設落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用作中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是存在(zai)樹(shu)枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)了它在(zai)更(geng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡膠加上各種配合(he)劑，經過充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經過加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適合(he)于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設(she)彎曲半徑小的(de)場合(he)。

常用作(zuo)絕緣的膠料有天然膠-丁(ding)苯(ben)膠混合(he)物，乙丙膠、丁(ding)基膠等。

按電壓等(deng)級分(fen)

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：適用(yong)于(yu)固定敷設在交(jiao)流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下(xia)的(de)輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下(xia)）：聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯(lian)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電纜(lan)和(he)交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓(ya)電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。

基本結(jie)構(gou)：電力電纜(lan)的基本結(jie)構(gou)由(you)線芯（導體(ti)）、絕(jue)緣層、屏(ping)蔽層和保護(hu)層四部分組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來(lai)輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)將線芯與大地以(yi)及不(bu)同相的線芯間(jian)在(zai)電氣上(shang)彼此隔(ge)離(li)，保(bao)證(zheng)電能輸送，是(shi)(shi)電力電纜結構中不(bu)可(ke)缺少的組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一(yi)般都(dou)有(you)導體屏(ping)(ping)蔽層和絕緣屏(ping)(ping)蔽層。

4.保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)層的作用是保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外界雜質(zhi)和水分的侵(qin)入(ru)，以及(ji)防止外力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋(mai)設于土壤中或(huo)敷設于室內，溝(gou)道(dao)(dao)，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)中，線間絕緣(yuan)距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地面上空間。

2可(ke)(ke)靠性高。受氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環境影(ying)響小，傳(chuan)輸性能穩(wen)定，可(ke)(ke)靠性高。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更為有(you)利的條件，如(ru)低溫，超導(dao)電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說(shuo)明(ming)

電力(li)電纜的型號(hao)

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一(yi)個(ge)字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導(dao)體(ti)材(cai)料、內護層材(cai)料和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層構成，有二(er)位數字(zi)。無數字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧裝層，無外(wai)被層。第(di)(di)一位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第(di)(di)二(er)位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號按(an)電纜(lan)結構的排列一(yi)般依次序為：絕(jue)緣材料(liao)(liao)；導體材料(liao)(liao)；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電纜產品用型號、額定(ding)電壓和(he)規格表示。其方法是在型號后再加上說明額定(ding)電壓、芯數和(he)標(biao)稱截面積的(de)。

型號詳細(xi)說(shuo)明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫/實心(xin)皮聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護層：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)粘接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙(shuang)層金(jin)屬帶(dai)屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套     ; V——聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油(you)膏(gao)填(tian)充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷(xiao)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被(bei)層

53——單層鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣安裝軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)