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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于(yu)傳(chuan)輸和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于(yu)城市地(di)下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線路(lu)(lu)、工礦(kuang)企業內(nei)部(bu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下(xia)(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重(zhong)正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的主干(gan)線路(lu)(lu)中用以(yi)傳(chuan)輸和(he)分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)，各(ge)種(zhong)絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已有百年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已(yi)有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發明(ming)家(jia)T.A.愛迪生在銅棒(bang)上包繞黃麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵(tie)管內，然后填充(chong)瀝青混合(he)物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德(de)發明(ming)瀝青浸(jin)漬(zi)紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費(fei)蘭梯(ti)在倫(lun)敦與德(de)特福德(de)之間敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得(de)到越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)發展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍(huo)希施(shi)泰特研(yan)制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除(chu)了(le)絕(jue)緣表面的(de)(de)正(zheng)切(qie)應力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發展中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超(chao)(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現了(le)超(chao)(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)應用。到80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏）以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分為交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸紙作絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。其應用(yong)歷史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全可(ke)靠(kao)，使(shi)用(yong)壽命長(chang)，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設(she)受落差(cha)限(xian)制(zhi)。自(zi)從(cong)開發出不滴流浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解(jie)決了落差(cha)限(xian)制(zhi)問題，使(shi)油(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜得以(yi)繼(ji)續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電力電纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為(wei)擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的電力電纜(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)料(liao)電纜(lan)結構(gou)簡(jian)單,制(zhi)造加工方便，重量輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝方便,不受敷設(she)落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛(fan)應用(yong)作中低壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)，并(bing)有取代(dai)粘性(xing)浸(jin)漬油紙(zhi)電纜(lan)的趨勢(shi)。其最大缺(que)點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這(zhe)限制(zhi)了它(ta)在更高電壓(ya)(ya)的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力(li)電纜　絕緣層為橡膠加(jia)上各(ge)種配合(he)劑，經過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經過(guo)加(jia)溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適(shi)合(he)于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設(she)彎曲半徑(jing)小的場(chang)合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天(tian)然膠-丁(ding)苯膠混合(he)物，乙丙膠、丁(ding)基膠等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：適(shi)用于固定敷(fu)設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電(dian)線路上作(zuo)輸送電(dian)能用。

2、中(zhong)低(di)壓電纜：（一般(ban)指35KV及(ji)以(yi)下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜等(deng)。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯(xi)電(dian)纜和(he)交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構(gou)：電力電纜的基(ji)本結(jie)構(gou)由(you)線(xian)芯（導體(ti)）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽層和保護(hu)層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)部分(fen)，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的主要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是將線芯(xin)與大地以(yi)及不同相的線芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上(shang)彼此隔離(li)，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少的組成部(bu)分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都有導體(ti)屏(ping)蔽層和(he)絕緣(yuan)屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護(hu)層的作(zuo)用是保護(hu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)免受外界雜質和水分(fen)的侵入，以及防止(zhi)外力(li)直(zhi)接損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設于(yu)土壤中(zhong)(zhong)或敷(fu)設于(yu)室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)(zhong)，線間(jian)(jian)絕緣距離小，不(bu)(bu)用桿塔(ta)，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)，基本不(bu)(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上空間(jian)(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)(xing)高(gao)。受氣候條(tiao)件和周(zhou)圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)穩定，可靠性(xing)(xing)高(gao)。

3具(ju)有(you)向超高壓，大容量發(fa)展(zhan)的更為有(you)利的條(tiao)件(jian)，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第(di)一個(ge)字(zi)母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導(dao)體(ti)材料、內護(hu)層材料和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)護層構(gou)成(cheng)，有二(er)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)代表(biao)無鎧裝層，無外(wai)被層。第一位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示鎧裝，第二(er)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)被，如粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排(pai)列一般(ban)依次(ci)序為：絕緣材料(liao)；導體(ti)材料(liao)；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品用(yong)型(xing)號、額定電(dian)壓和(he)規格表示。其方法是(shi)在型(xing)號后再(zai)加(jia)上說(shuo)明(ming)額定電(dian)壓、芯數(shu)和(he)標稱截(jie)面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜HP——配線(xian)電纜HJ——局用(yong)電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮(pi)聚烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏(ping)(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏(ping)(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏(gao)填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層：23——雙層防(fang)腐鋼帶(dai)繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單層(ceng)(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)(ceng)

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)平型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)絞(jiao)型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟電(dian)線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)