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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用于(yu)傳輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于(yu)城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路、工礦(kuang)企(qi)業(ye)內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江(jiang)海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)主干線(xian)路中(zhong)用以傳輸和(he)分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的使用至今已有(you)百年

主要(yao)分類(lei)

分類：按電壓(ya)等級分

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使(shi)用(yong)至今已(yi)(yi)有(you)百余年(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)，美國發明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻(ma)并將其(qi)穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青(qing)(qing)混合(he)物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開創了(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國人(ren)卡(ka)倫德(de)發明瀝青(qing)(qing)浸(jin)漬(zi)紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國人(ren)S.Z.費(fei)蘭(lan)梯在(zai)倫敦與(yu)德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越來(lai)越廣(guang)的應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國敷設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國人(ren)M.霍希施(shi)泰(tai)特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布(bu),消(xiao)除了(le)(le)絕緣(yuan)表面的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北(bei)部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)代已(yi)(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外，還(huan)可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分為交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其應用(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它(ta)安全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格(ge)低(di)廉。主要(yao)缺點是敷設受落(luo)差限制(zhi)。自(zi)從開發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣后，解決了落(luo)差限制(zhi)問(wen)題，使(shi)油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜得(de)以繼續廣泛(fan)應用(yong)。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)塑料有聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)(xi)。塑料電(dian)(dian)纜結構簡(jian)單,制造加(jia)工方便，重量(liang)輕，敷設(she)安裝方便,不受敷設(she)落差限(xian)制。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)趨勢。其最大缺(que)點是存(cun)在(zai)(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了(le)它在(zai)(zai)更(geng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電力電纜　絕(jue)緣層(ceng)為(wei)橡膠(jiao)加上各種(zhong)配合劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后擠(ji)包在導電線(xian)芯上，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫化而成(cheng)。它柔軟，富有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)，適合于移動頻(pin)繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的場合。

常(chang)用作(zuo)絕緣的(de)膠料有天然(ran)膠-丁苯(ben)膠混合物，乙(yi)丙膠、丁基(ji)膠等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設(she)在交流(liu)50Hz，額定電壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電線路上作輸送電能用。

2、中低壓電纜：（一(yi)般指35KV及(ji)以(yi)下）：聚氯乙烯絕緣電纜，聚乙烯絕緣電纜，交聯(lian)聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結構：電力電纜的基本結構由線(xian)芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯(xin)是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)部分(fen)(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部分(fen)(fen)。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是將(jiang)線芯(xin)與大地(di)以(yi)及不(bu)同相的線芯(xin)間在(zai)電氣上彼此隔離(li)，保(bao)證電能(neng)輸送，是電力電纜結(jie)構中(zhong)不(bu)可缺(que)少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一般(ban)都有導(dao)體屏蔽層和絕緣(yuan)屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電力(li)電纜免受外界(jie)雜質(zhi)和水分的侵入，以及防止外力(li)直接(jie)損壞電力(li)電纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少。一般埋設(she)于(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設(she)于(yu)室內，溝(gou)道(dao)，隧道(dao)中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占(zhan)地(di)少，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超高(gao)壓，大容(rong)量(liang)發(fa)展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音第一個字母的大(da)寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示外(wai)護層構成(cheng)，有二位數(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)被層。第(di)一(yi)位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第(di)二位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示外(wai)被，如粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號(hao)按電纜(lan)結構的(de)排列一(yi)般依(yi)次(ci)序為：絕緣材(cai)料(liao)；導(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產(chan)品用型(xing)號、額定(ding)電壓和規格表示。其方法是在型(xing)號后再加(jia)上說明(ming)額定(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱截面積(ji)的。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市(shi)內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)纜

（2）絕緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯烴絕緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻(pin)隔離(li)C——自(zi)承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單(dan)層細(xi)鋼(gang)絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包(bao)鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟電(dian)線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型