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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用于傳(chuan)輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統的(de)主干線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)用以(yi)傳(chuan)輸和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品(pin)，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力(li)電纜的(de)使用至今已(yi)有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按電壓(ya)等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生(sheng)在(zai)銅棒(bang)上包繞(rao)黃(huang)麻并將(jiang)其穿入鐵管(guan)內，然(ran)后填充瀝青(qing)混合(he)物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人卡倫德發(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德特福德之間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕緣(yuan)表面(mian)的(de)(de)正切應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)北(bei)部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)壓等級可分為(wei)中、低壓電(dian)力電(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以下）、高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以及(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上）。此外(wai)，還(huan)可按(an)電(dian)流(liu)制分為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)纜和直流(liu)電(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分(fen)

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)油浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用歷(li)史最長。它(ta)安全可靠，使(shi)用壽命(ming)長，價格低廉。主要缺點是(shi)敷(fu)設受落差限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了(le)落差限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)問題，使(shi)油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)得以(yi)繼(ji)續廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為(wei)擠壓塑(su)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。常用(yong)的(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)有(you)(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工(gong)方便，重量(liang)輕，敷(fu)設(she)安(an)裝(zhuang)方便,不受敷(fu)設(she)落差(cha)限(xian)制(zhi)。因此(ci)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)作中(zhong)低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，并有(you)(you)取代粘性浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)趨勢。其最(zui)大缺點是(shi)存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜　絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)為橡膠加(jia)(jia)上各種(zhong)配合劑，經過充分(fen)混(hun)煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經過加(jia)(jia)溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性，適(shi)合于移動(dong)頻(pin)繁、敷(fu)設彎曲半徑小(xiao)的場合。

常用作(zuo)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的膠料有天然膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適(shi)用于固定(ding)敷設在交流50Hz，額(e)定(ding)電壓3kv及(ji)以下的(de)輸(shu)配電線路(lu)上(shang)作輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中(zhong)低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜：（一(yi)般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜，聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜，交聯(lian)聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和交聯聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

4、超高(gao)壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結構：電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的基(ji)本(ben)結構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線芯與大地以及(ji)不同相(xiang)的線芯間(jian)在電氣(qi)上彼此隔離，保證(zheng)電能輸送，是電力電纜結構(gou)中不可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般(ban)都有導(dao)體屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)絕(jue)緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的(de)作用(yong)是保護電力電纜免受外界(jie)雜質和(he)水分的(de)侵(qin)入(ru)，以及防止外力直(zhi)接(jie)損壞(huai)電力電纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)(shao)。一(yi)般埋設于(yu)(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設于(yu)(yu)室內(nei)，溝道(dao)，隧(sui)道(dao)中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿(gan)塔，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)(shao)，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件和周圍環境影響小(xiao)，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更為(wei)有利的條件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第(di)一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)(biao)示(shi)絕緣(yuan)種(zhong)類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字表示外護層(ceng)構成，有二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字。無數(shu)(shu)字代表無鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外被(bei)層(ceng)。第一位數(shu)(shu)字表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字表示外被(bei)，如粗鋼(gang)絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維外被(bei)表示為41。

3.電纜型號按(an)電纜結構(gou)的排列一般(ban)依次序為(wei)：絕緣材料(liao)(liao)；導體材料(liao)(liao)；內護(hu)(hu)層；外護(hu)(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型(xing)(xing)號、額定電壓(ya)和規格表示。其方法是在型(xing)(xing)號后再加上說明額定電壓(ya)、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護層：A——涂(tu)塑(su)鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏蔽聚乙烯護套S——鋁，鋼雙(shuang)層金屬帶屏蔽聚乙烯護套      V——聚氯乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式(shi)

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗(cu)鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣平型(xing)連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型