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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)傳輸和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于(yu)城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水(shui)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主(zhu)干(gan)線路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸和分(fen)配(pei)大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的使用(yong)至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分類

分類(lei)：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包繞黃麻并(bing)將(jiang)其(qi)穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填(tian)充瀝(li)青混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人卡倫德(de)(de)(de)發明瀝(li)青浸漬(zi)紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費(fei)蘭(lan)梯(ti)在(zai)倫敦與德(de)(de)(de)特福德(de)(de)(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)了10千(qian)(qian)伏油浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了絕(jue)緣表面的(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了380千(qian)(qian)伏超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)伏的(de)特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級可分為中(zhong)、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜以(yi)油浸紙(zhi)作(zuo)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。其應用歷史最長(chang)。它安全可靠(kao)，使用壽(shou)命長(chang)，價格低廉(lian)。主要缺點是敷設(she)受落(luo)(luo)差限制。自從開發出不(bu)滴流(liu)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落(luo)(luo)差限制問題，使油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得(de)以(yi)繼續廣(guang)泛應用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠(ji)壓塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的塑(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙烯(xi)、交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制(zhi)造加工方便(bian)，重量輕(qing)，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便(bian),不(bu)受敷(fu)設(she)落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有取(qu)代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象(xiang)，這限制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的使用。

3、橡皮(pi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠加上各種配合劑(ji)，經過充分混煉后(hou)擠包在導電(dian)線芯上，經過加溫硫化(hua)而成。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠料有天然膠-丁(ding)(ding)苯膠混合物(wu)，乙丙膠、丁(ding)(ding)基膠等。

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固定敷(fu)設(she)在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電(dian)線路(lu)上作輸送電(dian)能(neng)用(yong)。

2、中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上(shang)）：聚乙烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)基(ji)本結(jie)構由線芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電力電纜的導電部(bu)分(fen)，用來輸送電能，是電力電纜的主要部(bu)分(fen)。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線芯與大地以及不(bu)(bu)同相的線芯間(jian)在電氣上彼此隔離，保(bao)證(zheng)電能輸(shu)送，是電力電纜結(jie)構(gou)中不(bu)(bu)可缺少的組成(cheng)部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)和絕緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的(de)作用(yong)是保(bao)護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免受(shou)外(wai)(wai)界雜(za)質和水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外(wai)(wai)力(li)直(zhi)接損(sun)壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優(you)點：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)少。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕(jue)緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)少，基本不占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性高。受(shou)氣(qi)候(hou)條件和周圍環境影(ying)響(xiang)小，傳輸性能穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)性高。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容(rong)量(liang)發展的(de)更為有利(li)的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)型(xing)號(hao)

1.用(yong)(yong)漢語拼音第(di)一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材(cai)料(liao)、內護層(ceng)材(cai)料(liao)和結構特點。如用(yong)(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)護(hu)層構成，有二(er)位數(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)(kai)裝層，無(wu)外(wai)被(bei)層。第一位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)(kai)裝，第二(er)位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)被(bei)，如(ru)粗鋼(gang)絲(si)鎧(kai)(kai)裝纖(xian)維外(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示為41。

3.電(dian)纜(lan)型號按電(dian)纜(lan)結構的(de)排列一(yi)般(ban)依次序為：絕(jue)緣材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內(nei)護層；外護層。

4.電纜產(chan)品(pin)用型號(hao)、額定(ding)(ding)電壓(ya)和(he)規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號(hao)后再加上說明額定(ding)(ding)電壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標(biao)稱截面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯烴絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實(shi)心皮聚烯烴絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶(dai)粘(zhan)接屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套      V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)(wai)護層：23——雙層防腐鋼(gang)帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)(wai)被層

33——單層(ceng)(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)(ceng)

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外(wai)被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平型(xing)(xing)連接(jie)線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)(xing)軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)護套(tao)軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)