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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路、工礦(kuang)企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水(shui)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所(suo)占比重正逐漸增(zeng)加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的主干線路中用(yong)以(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上(shang)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種(zhong)絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力(li)電纜的使用至今已有百年

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生(sheng)在銅(tong)棒上包(bao)繞黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后(hou)填(tian)充瀝青(qing)混合(he)物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于(yu)紐約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫德(de)發明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德(de)特福德(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的發展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施(shi)泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣表面(mian)的正切應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中(zhong)的里(li)程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北(bei)部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)代已制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏的特高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)壓等級可分(fen)為中、低壓電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以下）、高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以及(ji)特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和(he)直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以(yi)油浸紙作絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其應用歷史最長。它安全可靠(kao)，使(shi)用壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格低(di)廉(lian)。主要缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制(zhi)。自從開發(fa)出(chu)不滴流浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣后(hou)，解(jie)決了落差限(xian)制(zhi)問題，使(shi)油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)(yuan)層為(wei)擠壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)料(liao)有(you)聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯聚乙烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結(jie)構簡單(dan),制(zhi)造(zao)加工方(fang)便，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方(fang)便,不受敷(fu)設(she)落差(cha)限制(zhi)。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)作中(zhong)低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)取代粘性(xing)浸(jin)漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)枝化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)了(le)它在(zai)(zai)更高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜　絕緣層為(wei)橡膠加上各種(zhong)配合(he)劑，經過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在(zai)導電(dian)(dian)線芯上，經過(guo)加溫(wen)硫化而成(cheng)。它柔軟，富(fu)有彈性，適合(he)于(yu)移動頻繁、敷(fu)設彎曲(qu)半(ban)徑小(xiao)的場(chang)合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙(bing)膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級(ji)分(fen)

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用。

2、中低(di)壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交(jiao)聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜：（一(yi)般(ban)為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜和(he)交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電(dian)纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本(ben)結構(gou)：電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)基本(ben)結構(gou)由線(xian)芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分(fen)組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電力電纜的導(dao)電部(bu)分(fen)，用來(lai)輸送電能，是電力電纜的主要(yao)部(bu)分(fen)。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是將線芯與大地以及不同相的線芯間在電氣上(shang)彼此隔離，保(bao)證電能輸送，是電力(li)電纜結構中不可缺少的組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電力電纜一般都有導體屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的(de)作用(yong)是(shi)保護電力(li)(li)電纜免受外界雜質(zhi)和(he)水分的(de)侵入，以及防止(zhi)外力(li)(li)直接損壞電力(li)(li)電纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋設于土壤中或(huo)敷設于室內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地面上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高。受(shou)氣候條件和周圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力電纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼音第(di)一個字母的(de)大寫(xie)表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種(zhong)類(lei)、導體材料(liao)、內(nei)護層材料(liao)和結構特點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外護層(ceng)構成，有二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)，無(wu)外被(bei)層(ceng)。第(di)一位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝，第(di)二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外被(bei)，如粗鋼絲(si)鎧(kai)裝纖維外被(bei)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號按(an)電纜(lan)結構的(de)排(pai)列(lie)一(yi)般依次序為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外(wai)護層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額定(ding)電壓和(he)規格表示。其(qi)方法(fa)是在型號后再加(jia)上說明額定(ding)電壓、芯數和(he)標稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市內通(tong)信電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)套      V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防(fang)腐(fu)鋼帶(dai)繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼(gang)絲(si)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣平(ping)型(xing)連接(jie)線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣絞(jiao)型(xing)軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)