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電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)傳輸和分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水(shui)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的主(zhu)干線(xian)路中用(yong)以傳輸和分(fen)配(pei)(pei)大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上(shang)各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的(de)使用至今(jin)已有百年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管(guan)內，然后填充瀝青混合物制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約，開創了(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國(guo)人卡倫德(de)發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦(dun)與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷(fu)設了(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施泰特(te)研制成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)表面(mian)的(de)(de)正切(qie)應(ying)(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷(fu)設了(le)380千(qian)伏超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電力電纜以油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的(de)電力電纜。其應(ying)用歷史最長。它安全可靠，使用壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格(ge)低廉(lian)。主(zhu)要缺點是(shi)敷設受落差(cha)限(xian)制。自從開發(fa)出不滴流(liu)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落差(cha)限(xian)制問題，使油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜得以繼續(xu)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。

2、塑料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜 　絕緣層為(wei)擠壓(ya)塑料(liao)(liao)的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。常用的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑料(liao)(liao)電(dian)纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方(fang)便，重量輕，敷設安裝方(fang)便,不受(shou)敷設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此(ci)廣泛應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜，并有取(qu)代粘性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)纜的(de)趨勢(shi)。其(qi)最(zui)大缺點是存(cun)在樹(shu)枝化擊穿(chuan)現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)它在更高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)(jia)上各種(zhong)配合(he)(he)劑，經過(guo)充分混(hun)煉(lian)后擠包(bao)在導電(dian)(dian)線芯上，經過(guo)加(jia)(jia)溫硫化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性(xing)，適合(he)(he)于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑小(xiao)的(de)場合(he)(he)。

常用作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有天然(ran)膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級分

1、低(di)壓電纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固(gu)定敷設(she)在(zai)交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以下的輸配電線路上作輸送電能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及(ji)以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本(ben)結構：電力電纜(lan)的基本(ben)結構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分，用(yong)來輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的主要(yao)部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與大地以及(ji)不(bu)同(tong)相(xiang)的(de)線芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構(gou)中不(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分(fen)。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)一般都有導體(ti)屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的作(zuo)用是保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界雜質和水分的侵(qin)入，以及防止外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般埋設于土壤中(zhong)(zhong)或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道(dao)(dao)，隧道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)，線間絕(jue)緣距離小，不用(yong)桿塔，占地少，基本不占地面上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣(qi)候(hou)條件和周(zhou)圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有向超(chao)高壓(ya)，大容量發展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如低(di)溫(wen)，超(chao)導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說(shuo)明(ming)

電力電纜(lan)的型號

1.用(yong)漢(han)語(yu)拼音(yin)第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣種(zhong)類、導(dao)體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構(gou)成(cheng)，有二(er)(er)位(wei)數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)。第一位(wei)數(shu)字表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二(er)(er)位(wei)數(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被表示為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結(jie)構的排列一般依次序為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型(xing)號(hao)、額(e)定電壓和規格表示。其(qi)方(fang)法(fa)是在型(xing)號(hao)后再加上說(shuo)明額(e)定電壓、芯數和標稱截面(mian)積的。

型號(hao)詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內(nei)通信(xin)電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層：23——雙(shuang)層防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平型(xing)連(lian)接線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟電(dian)線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃(ran)型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)(xing)