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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用于(yu)傳輸和(he)(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于(yu)城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內(nei)部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水(shui)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重(zhong)正逐(zhu)漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸和(he)(he)分(fen)配大功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百(bai)年

主(zhu)要分類

分(fen)類(lei)：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪(di)生在(zai)銅棒上包繞(rao)黃麻并將(jiang)其穿入鐵管(guan)內，然后填充瀝青(qing)混(hun)合(he)物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與德(de)(de)(de)特福(fu)德(de)(de)(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)了(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到(dao)越來越廣的應用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)人M.霍希施(shi)泰特研(yan)制(zhi)成(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善(shan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表(biao)面的正切應力(li)(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的應用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)壓等(deng)級可分為中(zhong)、低壓電(dian)力電(dian)纜（35千伏(fu)及以下）、高壓電(dian)纜(110千伏(fu)以上(shang))、超高壓電(dian)纜（275～800千伏(fu)）以及特高壓電(dian)纜（1000千伏(fu)及以上(shang)）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)流(liu)制分為交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)纜和直流(liu)電(dian)纜。

按(an)絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜以油浸(jin)紙作(zuo)絕緣的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。其應(ying)用(yong)(yong)歷(li)史最長。它安全(quan)可靠(kao)，使用(yong)(yong)壽命長，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設(she)受落差限(xian)制。自從開發出不滴流浸(jin)紙絕緣后，解決了落差限(xian)制問題，使油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)纜得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用的塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)有(you)(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方(fang)便，重量輕，敷設安裝方(fang)便,不(bu)受敷設落差限(xian)制。因此(ci)廣泛(fan)應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)(you)取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點是存(cun)在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象(xiang)，這限(xian)制了它在(zai)更高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力(li)電纜(lan)　絕緣層(ceng)為橡(xiang)膠加上各(ge)種配合(he)劑，經(jing)過充分混(hun)煉(lian)后(hou)擠包在導電線芯上，經(jing)過加溫(wen)硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合(he)于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然(ran)膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混(hun)合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等級分(fen)

1、低壓電纜(lan)：適用于固(gu)定(ding)敷設(she)在交流50Hz，額(e)定(ding)電壓3kv及以(yi)下的輸(shu)配(pei)電線(xian)路(lu)上作輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以(yi)下）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般為110KV及(ji)以(yi)上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上(shang)）。

基(ji)本結構：電力電纜的(de)基(ji)本結構由(you)線芯(xin)（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)主要(yao)部(bu)分。

2.絕(jue)緣層是(shi)將線芯與大地以(yi)及不同相的線芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能(neng)輸(shu)送，是(shi)電力電纜結構(gou)中(zhong)不可(ke)缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一(yi)般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層和(he)絕(jue)緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電力電纜免受外界雜質和(he)水分的侵(qin)入，以及防止外力直接損壞電力電纜。

主要優點：

1占地(di)少。一般埋設(she)于(yu)土壤中或敷設(she)于(yu)室內，溝(gou)道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線(xian)間絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占地(di)少，基本(ben)不占地(di)面上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高(gao)(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸性(xing)能(neng)穩定，可靠性(xing)高(gao)(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量(liang)發(fa)展的更(geng)為有利(li)的條(tiao)件(jian)，如低溫，超導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音第一個字母(mu)的大寫表示絕緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內(nei)護(hu)層(ceng)材料和(he)結構特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層構(gou)成，有二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)被層。第一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構(gou)的(de)排列一般依次序為：絕緣材(cai)料(liao)；導體材(cai)料(liao)；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額定(ding)電壓和規格(ge)表示(shi)。其方法是(shi)在(zai)型號后再加上說明(ming)額定(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱截面(mian)積的。

型號詳細(xi)說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)(pao)沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶粘接屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套      V——聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔(ge)離C——自(zi)承式

（5）外(wai)護層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被(bei)層

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被(bei)層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)