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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于(yu)傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于(yu)城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出線路、工礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)主干線路中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配大功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今(jin)已有百年(nian)

主要(yao)分類

分(fen)類：按電(dian)壓等級(ji)分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)至今已(yi)有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅(tong)棒上包繞黃麻并(bing)將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青(qing)(qing)混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)于(yu)紐(niu)約，開創了(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)卡倫德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝青(qing)(qing)浸(jin)漬紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德(de)特福(fu)德(de)之(zhi)間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消(xiao)除了(le)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)正(zheng)切(qie)應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電力電纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏及以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏以(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。此外，還可按電流制分為(wei)交流電纜(lan)(lan)和直流電纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)(yong)歷史(shi)最長。它(ta)安(an)全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)(yong)壽命長，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺點是敷(fu)設受落差限制。自從開發(fa)出不滴流(liu)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解決了(le)落差限制問題(ti)，使油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)(liao)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)(jue)緣層為(wei)擠(ji)壓塑料(liao)(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的塑料(liao)(liao)有聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)、交聯聚乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)。塑料(liao)(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方便，重量輕(qing)，敷(fu)設安裝(zhuang)方便,不受敷(fu)設落差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最(zui)大缺點是存在(zai)樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限(xian)(xian)制了它在(zai)更高電(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡膠加上(shang)(shang)各(ge)種(zhong)配(pei)合劑(ji)，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后(hou)擠包在(zai)導電線芯上(shang)(shang)，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有(you)彈性(xing)，適(shi)合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設(she)彎曲半徑小的(de)場(chang)合。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)料有天(tian)然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙(yi)丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等(deng)。

按電壓等級分(fen)

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜：適(shi)用(yong)于固(gu)定(ding)敷設(she)在交流(liu)50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以(yi)下的(de)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)線路上作(zuo)輸送(song)電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低(di)壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等(deng)。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電纜(lan)和交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基本結構：電力電纜的基本結構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部(bu)分組成。

1.線芯(xin)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，用來(lai)輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的主要(yao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。

2.絕(jue)緣層是(shi)(shi)將線芯與大地以及(ji)不同相的線芯間在電(dian)氣上彼(bi)此隔離(li)，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結構中(zhong)不可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上的電力電纜一般都有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層和(he)絕緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作用是保護(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外界雜質和水(shui)分的(de)侵入，以及防止外力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般(ban)埋設于土壤(rang)中或(huo)敷設于室內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠性高(gao)。受氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環境影響小，傳(chuan)輸性能穩定，可(ke)靠性高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超(chao)高壓(ya)，大容量發展的更為(wei)有(you)利的條件，如低溫，超(chao)導(dao)電力(li)電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力電纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字。無(wu)(wu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字代表無(wu)(wu)鎧裝層(ceng)，無(wu)(wu)外(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第(di)一位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字表示鎧裝，第(di)二位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)(wai)被(bei)表示為41。

3.電纜型號按(an)電纜結構的排列一般依(yi)次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層；外(wai)護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型(xing)號、額(e)定電壓(ya)和規(gui)格表示。其(qi)方(fang)法(fa)是在(zai)型(xing)號后再加上說明額(e)定電壓(ya)、芯(xin)數和標(biao)稱(cheng)截面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說(shuo)明(ming)

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內通信電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)粘接(jie)屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯護套S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯護套      V——聚氯乙(yi)烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼(gang)帶繞包銷裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被(bei)層

43——單層粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被(bei)層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣軟線(xian)；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣安(an)裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣絞(jiao)型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)