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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常(chang)用(yong)于城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占比重(zhong)正逐漸增(zeng)加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)主干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以傳(chuan)輸和分配(pei)大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品(pin)，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的使(shi)用(yong)至今已有百年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓(ya)等級分(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)至今已有百(bai)余年(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)，美國發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅(tong)棒(bang)上包(bao)繞黃麻(ma)并(bing)將(jiang)其穿入鐵管內，然后填(tian)充瀝(li)青混合物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國人卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明瀝(li)青浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在倫(lun)敦與(yu)德(de)特福德(de)之間(jian)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國敷(fu)(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍希施泰(tai)特研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面(mian)的(de)正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)代已制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)特高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏及(ji)以下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏以上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏）以及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。此外(wai)，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分為交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣電力電纜(lan)以油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作(zuo)絕緣的電力電纜(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最長。它安全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)長，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷(fu)設受(shou)落差限(xian)制。自從開(kai)發出不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣后(hou)，解(jie)決了落差限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣電纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)(su)料絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)(su)料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)(su)料有(you)(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)(su)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構(gou)簡(jian)單,制造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷設安裝(zhuang)方(fang)便(bian),不受敷設落差(cha)限制。因此廣泛應用(yong)作(zuo)中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)(you)取代粘性浸漬(zi)油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這(zhe)限制了它(ta)在更(geng)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)　絕(jue)緣層(ceng)為橡膠加(jia)上各種配合劑，經(jing)過充(chong)分混煉后擠(ji)包在導電(dian)(dian)線芯上，經(jing)過加(jia)溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適合于(yu)移動頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑(jing)小的場合。

常用作(zuo)絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)料(liao)有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用于(yu)固(gu)定敷設在(zai)交流(liu)50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電(dian)線(xian)路上作輸送電(dian)能用。

2、中低壓電纜：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下）：聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜，聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜，交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本(ben)(ben)結構：電力電纜的(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)結構由線(xian)芯(xin)（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏(ping)蔽層和保護(hu)層四部(bu)分(fen)組成。

1.線芯是電力(li)電纜的(de)導電部分，用來(lai)輸(shu)送電能，是電力(li)電纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕(jue)緣層(ceng)是將線(xian)芯(xin)與大(da)地以及不(bu)同相的線(xian)芯(xin)間在電氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電能輸送，是電力(li)電纜結構中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一(yi)般都有導體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護(hu)層的作用是保護(hu)電力電纜免受外界雜(za)質和水(shui)分(fen)的侵入，以及防止外力直接損壞(huai)電力電纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)。一般埋(mai)設于(yu)土壤(rang)中或敷設于(yu)室內，溝道(dao)，隧(sui)道(dao)中，線間(jian)絕緣(yuan)距離小(xiao)，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)，基本(ben)不占(zhan)地(di)(di)面(mian)上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高。受(shou)氣候條件和(he)周圍環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具(ju)有向超高壓，大容量發(fa)展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型(xing)號

1.用漢語(yu)拼音第(di)一個字母(mu)的大寫(xie)表示絕緣(yuan)種類(lei)、導體材(cai)料(liao)、內護(hu)層材(cai)料(liao)和結構特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字表示外(wai)護層(ceng)構(gou)成，有二位數字。無數字代表無鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)，無外(wai)被層(ceng)。第一(yi)位數字表示鎧(kai)裝，第二位數字表示外(wai)被，如(ru)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維(wei)外(wai)被表示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號(hao)按電纜(lan)結構的排列一般(ban)依次序為：絕緣(yuan)材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額(e)(e)定電壓和(he)規格表示。其(qi)方法是在型號后再(zai)加(jia)上說明額(e)(e)定電壓、芯數和(he)標(biao)稱截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配(pei)線(xian)電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏填充(chong)G——高(gao)頻隔(ge)離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼(gang)帶繞包銷裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線(xian)(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃(ran)型NH：耐火型DH：防火型