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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于(yu)傳輸(shu)(shu)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工(gong)礦企業內(nei)部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐漸(jian)增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸(shu)(shu)和分(fen)配大功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用(yong)至今已有(you)百年

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家(jia)T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上(shang)包繞(rao)黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合物(wu)制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創了地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人卡倫德發(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸(jin)漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德特福德之間敷(fu)設(she)了10千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來(lai)越廣的(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)，德國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德國(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施泰特研(yan)制成(cheng)分(fen)相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分(fen)布,消除了絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)正(zheng)切應(ying)力，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了380千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用。到80年(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分為(wei)中(zhong)、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏及以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏以上)、超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏）以及特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏及以上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)制分為(wei)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜以油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。其(qi)應用歷史最長。它安全(quan)可靠(kao)，使用壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格低廉。主要(yao)缺點(dian)是敷設(she)受落差限制。自從開發出不滴(di)流浸紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后，解決了落差限制問題，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得(de)以繼(ji)續(xu)廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑料(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。常用的(de)(de)塑料(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單(dan),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造加工方便，重量輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差(cha)限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因(yin)此廣泛應用作中(zhong)低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有(you)取代粘(zhan)性(xing)浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)。其最(zui)大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了它在更(geng)高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)使用。

3、橡(xiang)(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層(ceng)為橡(xiang)(xiang)膠加上(shang)各種配(pei)合劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分(fen)混煉后擠(ji)包在導(dao)電線芯上(shang)，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富(fu)有彈性(xing)，適(shi)合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠料有天然膠-丁(ding)苯膠混合(he)物，乙(yi)丙膠、丁(ding)基膠等。

按(an)電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用于固(gu)定(ding)敷設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及(ji)以下(xia)的(de)輸配電線路上作輸送(song)電能用。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)，聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電纜(lan)和交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以上(shang)）。

基(ji)本結構：電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的基(ji)本結構由線(xian)芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)保護層(ceng)四(si)部(bu)分組成。

1.線芯是電力電纜(lan)的導電部(bu)分，用(yong)來輸送電能(neng)，是電力電纜(lan)的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是將線(xian)芯與(yu)大地以(yi)及不同相(xiang)的線(xian)芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔(ge)離，保(bao)證電(dian)能輸(shu)送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都(dou)有導(dao)體屏蔽層和(he)絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保護(hu)層的作(zuo)用是(shi)保護(hu)電力(li)電纜(lan)免受外(wai)界(jie)雜質和水分(fen)的侵(qin)入，以及防止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞(huai)電力(li)電纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)。一(yi)般埋設于土壤中或(huo)敷設于室(shi)內，溝道，隧(sui)道中，線間絕緣距離(li)小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)，基本(ben)不(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高(gao)。受氣(qi)候條件(jian)和(he)周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)影響小，傳輸(shu)性能穩(wen)定，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更(geng)為(wei)有利的條件，如(ru)低溫，超導電力(li)電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示(shi)絕緣種類、導體材(cai)料、內護(hu)層材(cai)料和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二(er)位數字。無(wu)(wu)數字代表(biao)無(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)(wu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第一位數字表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二(er)位數字表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼(gang)絲(si)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結(jie)構的(de)排列一(yi)般依次序(xu)為：絕緣材料；導(dao)體材料；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜產(chan)品用型(xing)號、額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)和規格表示(shi)。其方法是(shi)在(zai)型(xing)號后再加上說明額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數(shu)和標(biao)稱截面積的。

型號詳(xiang)細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心(xin)皮(pi)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護套S——鋁(lv)，鋼(gang)雙層金屬(shu)帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護套      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油(you)膏(gao)填充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)(ceng)

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)