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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用(yong)于傳輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)、工(gong)礦企(qi)業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水(shui)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的主干線(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸和分配(pei)大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)使(shi)用至今已有百(bai)年

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛迪(di)生在銅棒(bang)上包繞(rao)黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內，然后(hou)填充(chong)瀝青混合物制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設于紐約，開創了(le)地(di)下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫德(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在倫敦與德(de)(de)特(te)(te)福德(de)(de)之間敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越來越廣的應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國敷(fu)(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國人M.霍(huo)希(xi)施泰(tai)特(te)(te)研制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表(biao)面的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的特(te)(te)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可分(fen)為中、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及以下(xia)）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)）以及特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及以上）。此外，還可按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分(fen)為交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕(jue)緣材(cai)料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙作絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應用歷史最長(chang)(chang)。它(ta)安全可(ke)靠，使用壽(shou)命長(chang)(chang)，價(jia)格低廉。主要(yao)缺點是(shi)敷設受(shou)落差限(xian)(xian)制。自(zi)從開(kai)發(fa)出不滴流浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了(le)落差限(xian)(xian)制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得(de)以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的塑(su)(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)、聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)、交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制造加工方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)(she)安裝(zhuang)方便,不受敷(fu)設(she)(she)落差限制。因此(ci)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用作中低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺(que)點是(shi)存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現(xian)象，這限制了(le)它在更高(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加上各種(zhong)配合(he)劑(ji)，經過充分混煉后(hou)擠(ji)包在導電線(xian)芯(xin)上，經過加溫硫化而(er)成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性(xing)，適合(he)于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小(xiao)的場合(he)。

常用(yong)作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有(you)天(tian)然(ran)膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設在交流(liu)50Hz，額定電壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸配電線(xian)路上作輸送電能用。

2、中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚(ju)(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜的基本結構(gou)由(you)線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)保護層(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)主要部(bu)分。

2.絕(jue)緣層是將線(xian)芯與(yu)大地以及(ji)不同相的線(xian)芯間(jian)在電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜結構中(zhong)不可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上(shang)的電力(li)電纜一般都有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)和(he)絕緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層(ceng)的(de)作用(yong)是保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜免(mian)受外(wai)界(jie)雜質(zhi)和水分的(de)侵(qin)入，以及(ji)防(fang)止(zhi)外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中，線間絕(jue)緣距離小，不(bu)(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)，基(ji)本不(bu)(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上空間。

2可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍環(huan)境影(ying)響小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓(ya)，大容量發展(zhan)的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力電纜(lan)的型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼(pin)音第一(yi)個字母的大寫(xie)表(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類(lei)、導體(ti)材料(liao)、內護(hu)層(ceng)材料(liao)和結(jie)構特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外護(hu)層構成，有二位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)。無(wu)數字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝層，無(wu)外被層。第(di)一位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第(di)二位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維(wei)外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按(an)電(dian)纜結構的排(pai)列一般依次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層(ceng)；外護(hu)層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)(dian)纜產品用型號、額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)規格表示。其方(fang)法是在型號后(hou)再(zai)加上說明額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓、芯數(shu)和(he)(he)標(biao)稱截面積的。

型號詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通信(xin)電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)S——鋁(lv)(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)

（4）特(te)征：T——石(shi)油(you)膏填(tian)充G——高頻隔(ge)離C——自承式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防(fang)腐鋼(gang)帶(dai)繞(rao)包銷裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

43——單(dan)層粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)電線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)電線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)平(ping)型連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)絞型軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線；RY 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低(di)煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)DH：防(fang)火(huo)型(xing)