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電力電纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)傳輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于(yu)城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業內(nei)部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占(zhan)比重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)主干(gan)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸和分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種(zhong)絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的(de)使用至今(jin)已(yi)有百年(nian)

主要(yao)分(fen)類

分類(lei)：按電壓等級分

簡(jian)介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)發明家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上(shang)包繞黃麻并將其穿(chuan)入鐵管內，然后填(tian)充瀝青(qing)(qing)混合(he)物(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開創(chuang)了(le)(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫德發明瀝青(qing)(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德特(te)(te)福德之(zhi)間敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建成20千(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)敷設(she)(she)成60千(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特(te)(te)研制(zhi)(zhi)成分(fen)相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改(gai)善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣表面的(de)(de)正切(qie)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發展(zhan)中的(de)(de)里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)(zhi)成1100千(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級可分為中、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)下）、高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)上(shang))、超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分為交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜和(he)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其(qi)應(ying)用歷史(shi)最長。它安全可靠，使用壽命長，價格低(di)廉。主要缺(que)點是敷設受落差限制。自從開發(fa)出不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落差限制問題，使油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以繼(ji)續廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜 　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜結(jie)構簡單,制造加工(gong)方便，重量輕，敷設(she)安裝方便,不受敷設(she)落差限制。因此(ci)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)作中(zhong)低壓(ya)電(dian)纜，并有取代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙電(dian)纜的(de)趨勢(shi)。其最大缺(que)點是存在(zai)樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限制了它在(zai)更高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力電纜(lan)　絕緣層為(wei)橡膠加(jia)上各種配合劑，經過(guo)充分混煉(lian)后(hou)擠包在導電線芯上，經過(guo)加(jia)溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場(chang)合。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠料(liao)有天(tian)然膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙丙膠、丁基(ji)膠等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)固(gu)定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下(xia)的輸配電(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)能用(yong)(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯(xi)電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構：電力電纜的基(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構由線芯（導(dao)體(ti)）、絕緣層(ceng)(ceng)、屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)(ceng)和保護層(ceng)(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)部分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線(xian)芯(xin)與大(da)地以及不同相的線(xian)芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保(bao)證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中(zhong)不可缺(que)少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上(shang)的電力電纜一般都有導(dao)體屏(ping)蔽層和(he)絕緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層的作用是(shi)保護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界雜質(zhi)和(he)水分的侵(qin)入，以及(ji)防(fang)止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占地(di)少(shao)。一般埋(mai)設于土壤中或敷設于室內(nei)，溝道，隧道中，線(xian)間(jian)絕緣距離小，不(bu)(bu)用桿塔(ta)，占地(di)少(shao)，基本不(bu)(bu)占地(di)面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高(gao)。受(shou)氣候條件和周圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超(chao)高壓，大(da)容量發展的更(geng)為有利的條件，如低溫，超(chao)導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說(shuo)明(ming)

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料(liao)(liao)、內護層材料(liao)(liao)和結構特(te)點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)構成，有二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被層(ceng)。第(di)一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按(an)電(dian)纜結構(gou)的排列一般依次序(xu)為：絕(jue)緣材料；導體材料；內護層；外(wai)護層。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型號、額定電壓和規格(ge)表示。其方法是在型號后(hou)再加上(shang)說(shuo)明額定電壓、芯數和標稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號詳細說明(ming)

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通(tong)信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫/實心(xin)皮聚(ju)烯烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘(zhan)接屏蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金(jin)屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)      V——聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油(you)膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層：23——雙層防(fang)腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套(tao)電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套(tao)電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣平型連接線(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)；BVS 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)