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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用于傳輸和(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線路、工(gong)礦企業內部(bu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重(zhong)正逐漸(jian)增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)(de)主干(gan)線路中用以傳輸和(he)分(fen)配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種(zhong)絕(jue)緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)使用至今(jin)已有百(bai)年(nian)

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛迪(di)生(sheng)在銅棒上包繞黃(huang)麻并將其(qi)穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混(hun)合物制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人卡倫(lun)德發(fa)明瀝青浸(jin)漬紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在倫(lun)敦與德特福德之間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千伏(fu)(fu)油(you)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越來越廣的應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍(huo)希施泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消除了(le)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)表(biao)面的正切應力，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千伏(fu)(fu)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現了(le)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級可(ke)分為中、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外，還(huan)可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)油浸紙作絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應用歷史最長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使(shi)用壽命長(chang)，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺(que)點是敷設受落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制。自(zi)從開發出(chu)不(bu)滴流浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了(le)落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得(de)以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)料絕緣(yuan)電力電纜 　絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑(su)料的(de)電力電纜。常用的(de)塑(su)料有(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)。塑(su)料電纜結(jie)構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便，重量(liang)輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝方便,不受敷設(she)落(luo)差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用作中低壓(ya)電纜，并(bing)有(you)取代(dai)粘性浸漬油紙(zhi)電纜的(de)趨勢。其(qi)最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在更高電壓(ya)的(de)使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加上各(ge)種配合劑，經過充分混煉后擠包在導(dao)電線芯(xin)上，經過加溫硫化(hua)而成(cheng)。它(ta)柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半徑小(xiao)的場合。

常用作絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)料有(you)天(tian)然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙(yi)丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按(an)電壓等級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓電纜：適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)固定(ding)敷設在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及以下(xia)的輸(shu)配電線路(lu)上作輸(shu)送電能(neng)用(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高(gao)壓電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般為110KV及(ji)以上(shang)）：聚乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以上）。

基本結(jie)構(gou)：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基本結(jie)構(gou)由線芯(xin)（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護層四部(bu)分組成。

1.線芯(xin)是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主(zhu)要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯(xin)與大(da)地以及(ji)不(bu)同相的線芯(xin)間在電氣上彼此隔(ge)離，保證電能輸送，是(shi)電力電纜結(jie)構中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)缺(que)少(shao)的組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一般(ban)都有導體(ti)屏(ping)蔽層和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電力(li)電纜免受外界雜質和(he)水分的侵入，以及防止外力(li)直接損壞電力(li)電纜。

主(zhu)要(yao)優點：

1占地少。一(yi)般埋(mai)設(she)于土壤中或敷(fu)設(she)于室內(nei)，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕(jue)緣距離小，不用桿塔，占地少，基本不占地面(mian)上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高(gao)。受氣候條(tiao)件(jian)和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性能(neng)穩定，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量發展的更為(wei)有利的條件，如低溫(wen)，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力(li)電纜(lan)的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音(yin)第(di)一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構(gou)成，有二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無鎧裝層(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的(de)排列一(yi)般依次序(xu)為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層(ceng)；外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜(lan)產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓和(he)規格表示。其方(fang)法(fa)是在型號后再加(jia)上說明(ming)額定電(dian)壓、芯(xin)數和(he)標(biao)稱截面積的。

型(xing)號詳(xiang)細說明(ming)

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)烯烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自(zi)承(cheng)式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單(dan)層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型